Sunday, 1 c. March 1959:
A secret report is produced: Biderman, Albert D., A Study for Development of Improved Interrogation Techniques : Study SR 177-D (U), Secret, final report of Contract AS 18 (600) 1797, Bureau of Social Science Research Inc., Washington, D. C., March 1959.
The referenced source describes the report: "Although this book (207 pages of text) is principally concerned with lessons derived from the interrogation of American POW's by Communist services and with the problem of resisting interrogation, it also deals with the interrogation of resistant subjects. It has the added advantage of incorporating the findings and views of a number of scholars and specialists in subjects closely related to interrogation. As the frequency of citation indicates, this book was one of the most useful works consulted; few KUBARK [code name for CIA--Ed.] interrogators would fail to profit from reading it. It also contains a descriminating but undescribed bibliography of 343 items."
SOURCE: A CIA manual, declassified in 1996, and available on the Internet: "KUBARK [Codename for CIA] COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION--July 1963"--Bibliography.
Sunday, 1 March 1959:
Quoted from the source for structure of OSI WORLDWIDE locations as of this date:
OSI/AFOSI DISTRICT WORLDWIDE NUMBERING SYSTEM
Established March 1, 1959
Terminated September 30, 1992
Dist Location
1 Westover AFB, MA (Later Pease AFB, NH)
2 Mitchel AFB, NY (Later New York City and McGuire AFB, NJ)
3 Olmsted AFB, PA
4 Bolling AFB, DC (Later Suitland, MD and Andrews AFB, MD)
5 Wright Patterson AFB, OH
6 Robins AFB, GA
7 Patrick AFB, FL
8 Maxwell AFB, AL
9 Barksdale AFB, LA
10 Kelly AFB, TX
11 Tinker AFB, OK
12 Chanute AFB, IL
13 Offutt AFB, NE
14 Lowry AFB, CO
15 Great Falls AFB, MT
16 Hill AFB, UT
17 Kirtland AFB, NM
18 Cheli AFS, Maywood, CA
19 Fairfield-Suison AFB, CA (Travis AFB)
20 McChord AFB, WA
21 Langley AFB, VA
22 Griffiss AFB, NY
23 Carswell AFB, TX
24 Chicago, IL
25 Dearborn, MI
26 Hickam AFB, HI
27 Ramey AFB, PR
28 Goose AB, Labrador
29 Thule AB, Greenland
30 Howard AFB, PN
41 Anderson AFB, Guam
42 Clark AB, RP
43 Kadena AB, Okinawa
44 Hickam AFB, HI
45 Seoul, South Korea
46 Yokota AB, Japan
47 Itazuke AB, Japan
48 Misawa AB, Japan
49 Taipei AS, Taiwan
50 Tan Son Nhut AS, SVN
51 Bangkok, Thailand
61 Berlin, Germany
62 South Ruislip, England
63 Chateauroux, France (Later Paris, France)
64 Rabat, Morocco
65 Florence, Italy (Later Rome, Italy)
66 Wheelus AB, Libya
67 Dahran, Saudi Arabia
68 Madrid, Spain (Later Torrejon AB, SP)
69 Ankara AS, Turkey (aka: TUSLOG Det 26)
70 Rhein/Main AB, Germany (Later Wiesbaden, GE)
71 Athenai Airport, Greece
72 Riyahd, Saudi Arabia
80 Eileson AFB, Alaska
81 Elmendorf AFB, Alaska
SOURCE: Records maintained by the Associatioin of Former OSI Special Agents (AFOSISA) on the web at http://www.afosisa-ncc.org/osi_structure.html
Tuesday, 10 March 1959:
A lecture is delivered by Daniel Ellsberg at the Lowell Institute: "The Theory and Practice of Blackmail."
In an introduction to a July 1968 typed manuscript of the paper, Ellsberg says:
"In March, 1959, while a member of the Society of Fellows, Harvard, I delivered a series of public lectures in Boston, under the auspices of the lowell Institute; these lectures were subsequently broadcast over WGBH, an educational FM station. Overall subject of the series was, 'The Art of Coercion: A Study of Threats in Economic Conflict and War.' The following essay was the opening lecture. I have reprinted this lecture as it was delivered on March 10, 1959, almost ten years ago. It was before I cnme to RAND... ."
RAND's blurb on this paper says:
"A reprint of a lecture on the logic and rhetoric of threats and ultimatums -- the language of diplomacy -- delivered by the author on March 10, 1959. Whether it is called blackmail or deterrence, the art of influencing another's choice among alternatives by the use of threats is coercion. To provide a framework for representing and comparing alternatives, a game is developed, employing a payoff matrix, in which the victim has two choices, resist or comply, and the threatener has two, accept or punish. As a rule, a threat has a certain built-in implausibility, that of being costly -- or irrational -- to carry out. The threatener's problem is to make his threat sufficiently plausible to the victim. He may do so by means of four main techniques: (1) by binding himself irrevocably; (2) by putting up forfeits; (3) by making the victim unsure of what would be rational; and (4) by appearing to be irrational -- or, as with Hitler, by [being] irrational. In the last analysis, however, since the estimates of payoffs -- or risks -- are subjective variables, the answer to successful blackmail is not within the scope of logic: it is an art."
[NOTE: Although this is Ellsberg's work, a manuscript on the RAND web site is copyrighted by the RAND corporation, and bears a date of "July 1968." The current RAND web site says: "This product is part of the RAND paper series. The paper was a product of the RAND Corporation from 1948 to 2003 that captured speeches, memorials, and derivative research, usually prepared on authors' own time and meant to be the scholarly or scientific contribution of individual authors to their professional fields. Papers were less formal than reports and did not require rigorous peer review. Permission is given to duplicate this electronic document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND Permissions page. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors."]
SOURCE: A locked PDF copy of the July 1968 paper on the RAND Corporation web site; also, a different unlocked PDF copy of the same paper (missing the July 1968 date) available from Defense Technical Information Center at http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0672250
Sunday, 15 c. March 1959:
Daniel Ellsberg gives some lectures under the auspices of the Lowell Institute at Boston Public Library: "The Art of Coercion: A Study of Threats in Economic Conflict and War." His opening lecture is "The Theory and Practice of Blackmail." His second lecture is on Hitler's use of blackmail, entitled "The Political Uses of Madness."
SOURCE: Book, "Wild Man; The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg," by Tom Wells
Monday, 16 March 1959:
SECRETARIAL TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
H.A.S.I. LONDON
No. 152
March 16, 1959
H.G.C. Psychotic Applicants
The acceptance of psychotic persons for processing in the HGC is
forbidden by Board Minutes.
Psychosis is a loose term. Probably it has no real definition and
better meaning is needed here.
Therefore, we will define here persons we cannot accept for processing
and do forbid processing to them in the HGC.
1) Persons so anti-social in conduct as to constitute a serious menace
to persons and property.
2) Persons who are unable to physically care for themselves for mental
reasons and need escorts and nurses.
3) Persons requiring special housing and who are incompetent to move
about in the streets without the mental (not physical) guidance of an
escort.
4) Persons with long homosexual histories who cannot work.
5) Persons with communist or other criminal backgrounds.
I do not believe either "institutional histories" or electric shock
treatment backgrounds wholly qualify the term "psychosis", but these
should indicate some wariness.
The Hubbard Guidance Centre Division of the HASI may some day have
properly staffed and equipped hospitals. Until that day any attempt to
handle "psychotics" should be foresworn as these in a severe sense
need hospitalization.
L. RON HUBBARD
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
HASI LONDON
by [Signature]
LRH:NP
Dist. All staffed
Bul.Board.
SOURCE: Scanned document posted to alt.religion.scientology by Martin Ottman
Wednesday, 1 c. April 1959:
Lee Harvey Oswald is in El Toro, California, where he meets Kerry Thornley. They are acquaintances for "3 or 4 months."
SOURCE: House Select Committee on Assassinations; also, Lee Harvey Oswald Chronology by W. Tracy Parnell, on the web at http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/parnell/chrono.ht
Friday, 1 c. May c. 1959:
LRH and family move into St. Hill Manor.
SOURCE: Russell Miller, book: Bare Faced Messiah, Chapter 14
Friday, 1 c. May c. 1959:
Daniel Ellsberg gives talks to Henry Kissinger's "seminar at Harvard." They are talks from Ellsberg's "Lowell Lecture" series, "The Art of Coercion." [NOTE: No date in 1959 is provided by Ellsberg, but it seems that it would have to have been between his "Lowell Lecutures" (see 15 c. March 1959), and his fellowship at Harvard ending (see 1 c. June 1959).]
SOURCE: Book, "Secrets," by Daniel Ellsberg
Friday, 15 c. May 1959:
"While in the church, DeWolf lived well, associating with such notables as Thomas Driberg, then head of the British Labor Party and later a Peer. Driberg, now deceased, has been identified by English journalist Chapman Pincher as a double agent for MI5 and the KGB. DeWolf said the KGB connection was true." [NOTE: Date is only guessed at very broadly, because the only clue in the UPI story this comes from is "While in the church." DeWolf, aka Nibs, aka L. Ron Hubbard Jr., was "in the church" from 1953 through 1959. This entry will be put in the vicinity of several dates when it can be confirmed, from other sources, that DeWolf was in England.]
SOURCE: UPI smear story on LRH, dated 29 May 1982, on file
Monday, 25 May 1959:
Quoted from the source concerning Admiral Harry Felt (who by this time may already have Daniel Ellsberg as a consultant):
Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC) [Admiral Harry Felt] extends the advisory and training operation in Vietnam as follows:
* Provide MAAG [Military Assistance Advisory Group] advisors down to and including Infantry Regimental level and Artillery, Armored and separate Marine Battalion level.
* Place the advisors in the field with the HQ of the units being advised in order to furnish advice on the preparation of daily plans, monitor the day-to-day conduct of operations and render on the spot advice based on the situation as it exists at the time. This will include tactical advice as well as that provided on logistical matters, including medical support problems, the evacuation of the wounded, transportation problems, road and rail construction, bridging supply procedures, maintenance of equipment etc.
* Evaluate Vietnamese requests for additional equipment, road building materials, heavy engineering equipment etc. in the light of the direct observations of the on-the-spot advisors as well as upon other information available.
* Evaluate the level of cooperation and coordination among Vietnamese Army, Navy and Air Force elements and take necessary corrective action with Vietnamese officials in those instances where deficiencies are reported by on-the-spot advisors.
* The activities of MAAG Advisors must be limited to advisory functions and under no circumstances shall they participate directly in combat operations nor will they accompany units on anti-guerrilla operations in areas immediately adjacent to national boundaries.
SOURCE: Vietnam War Timeline on the web at http://www.vietnamgear.com/war1959.aspx
Friday, 29 May 1959:
The East Grinstead Courier reports: "An American and his delightful family find a haven at Saint Hill." It goes on to say, "The production of plant mutations is one of his most important projects at the moment. By battering seeds with X-rays, Dr Hubbard can either reduce a plant through its stages of evolution or advance it."
SOURCE: Russell Miller, book: Bare Faced Messiah, Chapter 14
Monday, 1 c. June 1959:
Daniel Ellsberg starts in a full-time position at the RAND corporation when his fellowship at Harvard ends. [NOTE: Only the year is known.]
SOURCE: Book, "Wild Man; The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg," by Tom Wells
Monday, 1 c. June 1959:
Daniel Ellsberg, 28, has relocated his family to California and he starts work at his permanent job at the RAND Corporation. His monthly salary is $1,000.00 [NOTE: Only the month and year are available.]
SOURCE: Book, "Wild Man; The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg," by Tom Wells
Monday, 1 c. June 1959:
Daniel Ellsberg is back at the Economics Department at Rand Corporation, this time "as a permanent employee." [NOTE: As so often with Ellsberg, there is no date in 1959, just "summer." It may have to be moved. Also: Much later, Ellsberg refers to CIA agent and NSC member Robert Komer as being "an old friend of mine from Rand days." Therefore this mention of Komer is being put here, though it is uncertain when Ellsberg could have been a "friend" of Komer at Rand, since no mention can be found, so far, of Komer being at Rand until 1969.]
SOURCE: Book, "Secrets," by Daniel Ellsberg
Tuesday, 2 June 1959:
"I am now busy making FCDC solvent and am sending Nibs over [from London] to see to it."
SOURCE: HUBBARD COMMUNICATIONS OFFICE, 37 Fitzroy Street, London W. I, HCO POLICY LETTER OF 2 JUNE 1959; "A COMMENT ON FINANCE"
Wednesday, 10 June 1959:
A bibliography is published: "Comprehensive Bibliography of Interrogation Techniques, Procedures, and Experiences," Air Intelligence Information Report, Unclassified, 10 June 1959.
The referenced source describes the report: "This bibliography of 158 items dating between 1915 and 1957 comprises 'the monographs on this subject available in the Library of Congress and arranged in alphabetical order by author, or in the absence of an author, by title.' No descriptions are included, except for explanatory sub-titles. The monographs, in several languages, are not categorized. This collection is extremely heterogeneous. Most of the items are of scant or peripheral value to the [CIA] interrogator."
SOURCE: A CIA manual, declassified in 1996, and available on the Internet: "KUBARK [Codename for CIA] COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION--July 1963."--Bibliography
Thursday, 11 June 1959:
Quoted from the source [NOTE: OSI is the Air Force Office of Special Investigations]:
Sylvia Hoke's CIA Security File contained "Two sealed envelopes" which were withheld as was "Information regarding father / 3rd Party / 3rd Agency Information Contained memo dated June 11, 1959, (3rd Agencies - OSI, U.S.A.F. + FBI)." [NARA CIA 1993.07.25.08:39:37:560310]
SOURCE: A.J. Weberman, Nodule 11
Wednesday, 1 c. July c. 1959:
A book is published: Gill, Merton, Inc., and Margaret Brenman, "Hypnosis and Related States: Psychoanalytic Studies in Regression," International Universities Press Inc., New York, 1959.
The referenced source describes the book: "This book is a scholarly and comprehensive examination of hypnosis. The approach is basically Freudian but the authors are neither narrow nor doctrinaire. The book discusses the induction of hypnosis, the hypnotic state, theories of induction and of the hypnotic condition, the concept of regression as a basic element in hypnosis, relationships between hypnosis and drugs, sleep, fugue, etc., and the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. Interrogators may find the comparison between hypnosis and 'brainwashing' in chapter 9 more relevant than other parts. The book is recommended [for CIA interrogators], however, not because it contains any discussion of the employment of hypnosis in interrogation (it does not) but because it provides the interrogator with sound information about what hypnosis can and cannot do."
SOURCE: A CIA manual, declassified in 1996, and available on the Internet: "KUBARK [Codename for CIA] COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION--July 1963."--Bibliography
Wednesday, 1 C. July 1959:
A bibliography is published: "Interrogation Methods and Techniques," KUPALM, L-3, 024, 941, July 1959, Secret/NOFORN.
The referenced source describes the report: "This bibliography of 114 items includes references to four categories: books and pamphlets, articles from periodicals, classified documents, and materials from classified periodicals. No descriptions (except sub-titles) are included. The range is broad, so that a number of nearly-irrelevant [for CIA interrogators] titles are included"
SOURCE: A CIA manual, declassified in 1996, and available on the Internet: "KUBARK [Codename for CIA] COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION--July 1963."--Bibliography
Wednesday, 1 c. July 1959:
[NOTE: There is no date given for the following. This is merely an estimate based on when DeWolf is believed to have been supervising auditing in FCDC.] Quoted from the source:
"MR. SHOEMAKER: Mr. DeWolfe [sic--DeWolf], do you personally-- do you have firsthand knowledge of how the material that was obtained for the auditing process was used?
"MR. DeWOLFE: Yes of course, everybody was told that the files were confidential, that they were treated as if they were files of, say, a doctor or a priest or an attorney. And they were, in the main, by most people, but-- it was quite inviolate. But of course, Dad and I had complete access to it.
"And-one thing I ought to mention is that--it's kind of embarrassing to mention--I'm the one who originated the bugging of auditing rooms in the Hubbard Guidance Center in Washington, D.C. so we could pick up on what was going on in an auditing session. And what I told everybody at the time was that most of the people that worked in the Hubbard Guidance Center--the Hubbard Guidance Center was the auditing department. It was the--where people got their auditing.
"And--but most of the people there were students of mine. So, I put the microphones in and the speakers, et cetera, and the tape recorders so that I could monitor their progress as students. That's what they were told.
"But their files were used, as I said, for pressure, blackmail, and all these other--some of those bits and pieces back in--yesterday."
SOURCE: Ronald DeWolf in Clearwater Hearings, 6 May 1982